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ISSN: 2344 - 102X
ISSN-L: 2344 - 102X
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Volume 14, Number 2, Year 2026
| 2. RO E-INVOICE WORKFLOWS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNAL CONTROL AND RISK MANAGEMENT | 
Download | | Author(s): Lucia Morosan - Danila, Claudia - Elena Grigoras - Ichim | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14201 | | Abstract: It is possible for an invoice to pass electronic validation and yet to be duplicated, posted in the incorrect period or omitted without having supporting records. This gap between the transmission of the invoice and its accounting treatment forms the basis of our conceptual framework for Romania's RO e-Invoice system. By carrying out a targeted examination of the literature on electronic invoicing, information quality, process management and internal control, along with referring to official documents, we divide the invoice processing procedure into separate outgoing and incoming routes. For certain events, the framework specifies the objective at risk, the responsible role, the control action to be taken and the records that are needed for review. Evidence continuity ensures that an invoice can be followed through the relevant business documents, system responses and accounting entries. Verified closure of exceptions demands that a decision be recorded and that its result be checked. A risk matrix together with six monitoring measures make these requirements applicable when designing a process. Three hypothetical scenarios are presented to show rejected submissions, duplicate imports and differences in reconciliation. These scenarios look at the consistency of the design and do not serve as evidence of any company's performance. The framework is capable of adapting to different staffing and technological setups and leads to three propositions that can be subject to empirical investigation. Its effectiveness, the costs of implementation and the extent to which it contributes to accounting reliability and fiscal compliance must be evaluated through field research under varying transaction volumes, staffing levels and systems. | | Keywords: Accounting Workflows; Electronic Invoicing; Internal Control; Risk Management; RO E-Invoice. |
| 3. ESG Ratings in Emerging Markets: Comparative Systematic Review of ESG Disclosure Regimes in Morocco and Romania |
Download | | Author(s): Ayyoub Tagui, Fatiha Regragui, Valentin Radu | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14202 | | Abstract: This study provides a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of the relationship between ESG reporting quality, ESG ratings, and investment attractiveness, focusing on the contrasting regulatory contexts of Morocco (voluntary disclosure) and Romania (mandatory disclosure under the NFRD/CSRD framework). Using a PRISMA 2020 protocol, 372 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the Web of Science database and analyzed through VOSviewer bibliometric networks. Results show a rapid expansion of ESG research since 2019 and identify five dominant themes: ESG governance and disclosure, financial performance, emerging markets, corporate social responsibility, and regulatory frameworks. Co-citation analysis highlights the central influence of Stakeholder, Agency, Institutional, Legitimacy, and Signaling theories. The comparative review indicates that Romania's mandatory disclosure regime enhances reporting credibility, reduces information asymmetry, and strengthens investment attractiveness, while Morocco's voluntary framework remains less effective despite notable initiatives such as the MASI ESG Index and the AMMC's 2019 sustainability reporting guidance. Methodologically, Moroccan studies emphasize innovative approaches adapted to emerging markets, whereas Romanian research relies more heavily on advanced panel econometrics and machine-learning techniques. Together, these two contexts provide a valuable natural laboratory for understanding how disclosure regimes influence ESG information quality and investment attractiveness in emerging economies. | | Keywords: ESG Reporting; ESG Ratings; Investment Attractiveness; Sustainability. |
| 4. FORECASTING INSOLVENCY PROBABILITY THROUGH CONVENTIONAL STATISTICAL TOOLS AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION WITHIN ROMANIA'S AUTOMOTIVE RETAIL INDUSTRY |
Download | | Author(s): Ana - Maria Florentina Bobu, Veronica Grosu, Cristina Gabriela Cosmulese | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14203 | | Abstract: Evaluating insolvency likelihood represents a central preoccupation within financial analysis, given its profound consequences for organizational longevity and stakeholder confidence. This paper contributes to this ongoing discourse by undertaking a comparative investigation of bankruptcy prediction methodologies, specifically contrasting traditional statistical procedures against artificial neural network architectures, using empirical data drawn from Romanian passenger vehicle retailers. Our quantitative framework processes fiscal information covering the 2019-2023 period through IBM SPSS Statistics 2020, implementing both multiple linear regression and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural models, with subsequent benchmarking against the classic Altman Z-Score outputs. The evidence obtained indicates that liquidity, solvency, profitability, and indebtedness ratios exert substantial influence upon insolvency probabilities, whilst neural computing techniques demonstrably enhance forecast precision. Crucially, our comparative assessment reveals that AI-based approaches do not render conventional methods obsolete but rather augment their capabilities, delivering improved sensitivity in flagging financially vulnerable entities. The practical implications of these findings extend to corporate decision-makers, capital providers, and diverse information users, who may benefit from adopting integrated analytic frameworks that harness the complementary strengths of both methodological families. | | Keywords: Bankruptcy Risk; Artificial Neural Networks; Multiple Linear Regression; Economic And Financial Indicators; Altman Model; Financial Forecasting. |
| 5. FROM CORRECTIVE ORDER TO DOCUMENTED CLOSURE: PUBLIC EVIDENCE FROM ROMANIAN GDPR ENFORCEMENT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NIS2 |
Download | | Author(s): Ion Burlui, Ionel Bostan | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14204 | | Abstract: Corrective measures imposed after GDPR infringements or cybersecurity incidents have limited practical value unless their implementation is documented and subsequently verified. To analyse this, we studied the most important European and Romanian laws, public reports and press releases of the competent authorities, as well as other relevant documentation and sources. We conclude that aggregate reporting of post-deadline compliance checks and repeated findings would facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of subsequent administrative actions. | | Keywords: GDPR; NIS2; Romania; ANSPDCP; DNSC; Corrective Measures; Post-deadline Verification. |
| 6. THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIELD OF AUDITING - A MINI-STUDY |
Download | | Author(s): Adriana Alina Spatariu | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14205 | | Abstract: The adoption of artificial intelligence in control and auditing activities represents a fundamental shift in accounting control and audit practice. This paper investigates both the potential benefits and the difficulties associated with AI implementation in audit procedures, specifically its contribution to process automation, data analysis, error detection and predictive modelling. It explores the changes AI is bringing to the audit process through a multidisciplinary lens by examining its influence on accuracy, operational efficiency and data-driven decision-making in traditional audit activities. It also draws on relevant documented examples of implementation by global audit firms, stressing the importance of regulatory adaptation, enhanced professional competencies, and ethical principles and criteria for the use of artificial intelligence. The methodology for the present research is structured around the exploration of a series of documented examples of artificial intelligence implementation in audit processes. As a result, it becomes clear that the use of artificial intelligence is not a substitute for professional judgment, but acts as an important driver of transformation in the audit function, enabling it to cope with new challenges in a digitally evolving economy. The paper contributes multidisciplinary insight into the use of AI in the audit process by integrating academic theory, professional practice and scientific research, supported by existing evidence and a documentary comparison based on publicly reported examples showing how artificial intelligence transforms the audit function through data-driven analysis. This research, based on a preliminary exploration, offers a perspective on how this technology is transforming auditing, identifies new directions for future studies and may be relevant to professionals, researchers and stakeholders involved in education and training. | | Keywords: Data Analytics, Audit Reform, Professional Transformation, Risk Detection, Automation. |
| 7. THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIELD OF AUDITING - A MINI-STUDY STRATEGIC THINKING, INNOVATION, AND FRANCHISING IN A CHAOTIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: A THEORETICAL APPROACH |
Download | | Author(s): Ionela Beatrice Corduneanu | | DOI: 10.4316/EJAFB. 2026.14206 | | Abstract: The uncertainty of the business environment has led some experts to describe it in academic literature as 'chaotic'. This business chaos manifests itself through: technological changes, global competition, consumer preferences, economic and geopolitical events, digitalisation and artificial intelligence, etc. This paper analyses some of the factors that have shaped the business environment in the context of this chaos, as well as strategic thinking and innovation in the context of franchising. Managers' strategic thinking enables them to anticipate opportunities, whilst innovation is the key factor in helping companies adapt to market demands. Furthermore, franchising constitutes a strategy for business expansion and development, offering the possibility of replicating successful business models. Consequently, this topic is relevant from both a practical and theoretical perspective, as it provides a better understanding of how firms can develop in today's business environment. | | Keywords: Knowledge, Innovation, Strategic Thinking, Franchising. |
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